![]() To create higher order inorganic structures, a solid phase organic matrix comprising polysaccharides, phospholipids, and mostly proteins is required ( Addadi and Weiner, 1985). Biomineralization involves the uptake of ions from the environment and their modulation into highly ordered structures, events that are subject to strict biology control ( Mann, 2002). The process of mineral incorporation into biological systems is called biomineralization. Many organisms across evolution rely on minerals of various shapes and sizes for a wide range of functions, including physical support, protection from external agents and navigation ( Lijun et al., 2013). Overall, our results explain how different MAPs affect magnetite synthesis, interact with Fe 2+ ions and which residues are important for the MAPs functions. Alternatively, Mms6 and Mms7 had strong binding affinities but less effect in modulating magnetite particle size, representing their major role potentially in initiating nucleation by increasing local metal concentration. Among the peptides, MamC showed weak ion binding but created the most significant effect in enhancing magnetite particle size, indicating the potency in controlling magnetite particle shape and size. The significance of critical residues in each peptide was evaluated by mutation followed by an iron co-precipitation assay. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we differentiated the recognition mode of each MAP based on ion specificity, affinity, and binding residues. To understand the mechanism of magnetite formation, we focused on three different MAPs, MamC, Mms6 and Mms7, and studied the predicted iron-binding sequences. These MAPs are all predicted to contain specific 17–22 residue-long sequences involved in magnetite formation. A specific set of magnetite-associated proteins (MAPs) is involved in regulating magnetite nucleation, size, and shape. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) use iron biomineralization to create nano-magnetic particles in a specialized organelle, the magnetosome, to align to the geomagnetic field. It was shown that biominerals are under tight biological control via proteins that are involved in nucleation initiation and/or which act as structural skeletons. 4Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israelīiomineralization is a process that takes place in all domains of life and which usually helps organisms to harden soft tissues by creating inorganic structures that facilitate their biological functions.3Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.2Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.1Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. ![]() Hila Nudelman 1*†, Yi-Zong Lee 2,3†, Yi-Lin Hung 2,3, Sofiya Kolusheva 4, Alexander Upcher 4, Yi-Chen Chen 2, Jih-Ying Chen 2, Shih-Che Sue 2* and Raz Zarivach 1,4* ![]()
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